Despite being colonized, most Filipinos back then still treasured the old myths and folklores of their ancestors.
One of these is Jose Rizal. Even though he is an ilustrado a Filipino student educated abroad , he still firmly championed the literature of precolonial Philippines and had also spent time researching on them. This is his retelling of a famous mysterious maiden who once lived in the mountains of his hometown. Mariang Makiling As retold By Gat. Jose P. Rizal in Northern Luzon. There are many stories woven about this guardian spirit. Most of them deal with her helping the poor and the sick, in the guise of a peasant girl.
The precious things she lent the country folk are said to be returned to her, along with the offering of a young pullet with feathers white as milk. A hunter has recounted a face-to-face encounter with the enigma herself. He was hunting a wild boar, he said, deep into the forest where Mariang Makiling lived. The boar suddenly crashed into some bushes and the hunter, fearing that he would not find it again, dived in after it When he came to his feet he saw a small hut, and witnessed his prey entering it.
He followed the boar into the hut, thinking it deserted, and then he came face to face with a beautiful maiden standing by the boar, who was meek in her presence. But I see that you are tired and hurt. Come in, eat, and then go your way. He sat down at her table, and she served him a porridge that he found was unlike anything he had ever tasted. It invigorated him, and after eating, he felt healed. As a parting gift, Mariang Makiling filled his peasant hat, called a salakot, with yellow ginger.
The hunter, on his way home from the forest, found that his salakot was growing heavier and heavier, and so he broke a few pieces of ginger in half and threw some bits away. Mariang Makiling is said to be more than compassionate. Once, there lived a young farmer who always seemed to be blessed. His fields were never touched by any calamity, and his livestock were always in good health. The people of his village say he is endowed with a charm, or mutya, as it is called, that protected him and his from harm.
The young man himself was good at heart and simple in spirit. But he was quiet and secretive, and would not say much of his stranger activities, which included frequent visits into the wood of Mariang Makiling. Mariang Makiling and myths is important in your lent him a dress and some formation as a citizen of this country.
I could have protected you and your family. Instead she wore the pearls and dresses her mother had handed down. Mariang Makiling was never seen by the peasants again, nor was her humble hut ever rediscovered. Reflect Upon Fairies, witches, and enchanted women are common in TV shows, films, and literature.
What values of Maria Makiling are different from other characters that you have encountered? Track: Academic It is the acquaintance party for faculty members in the university where you have just joined as a professor. Your task is to think of a character from precolonial and Spanish colonial Philippine literature and create your own costume that will fully represent your chosen character.
Aside from that, you will also prepare a short introduction of your character and give a short description. Make sure that your introduction is both informative and witty. There will be a fashion show showcasing the costumes, and the deans of your university will be judging the best costume, the best character, and the best introduction. Extend Your Knowledge 1. You may also find some websites dedicated to Philippine myths, legends, and folklore.
A good example is the alamat. Currently, it is still adding more stories to the web page. Essential Learning The Philippine literary scene has been thriving even before the country was colonized.
The ageold values that Filipinos nowadays still emulate have been evident in precolonial literature like the Hinilawod. In this epic, three brothers show their bravery, strength, wisdom, and camaraderie to win against their opponents. In the end, they are rewarded with a peaceful and bountiful life.
The colonization of Spain did not deter Philippine literature from flourishing; instead, Philippine literature became richer and more intricate. Writers such as Jose Rizal, despite being educated abroad as an ilustrado, did not forget about their heritage and chose to transcribe some of the more popular myths and folklore of their hometown, so that these could be enjoyed by future generations.
These writings, whether precolonial or colonial, are to be cherished for they show the ever- evolving lives of the Filipinos and the extensive colorful history of the country. They can be used by future generations as sources of wisdom and knowledge. Indeed, mapping the Philippine literary landscape of the past can help young Filipinos like you to live your life meaningfully and determine what you want for yourself-and the country-in the future.
Module 2 Poetry of the Archipelago. Identify representative texts and authors from each region. Emphasize the region I come from through the process of research and a performance. Analyze the figures of speech and other literary techniques and devices in the text. Identify common figures of speech used in Philippine poetry. Explain the relationship of the context with the text's meaning, how they enhance the text's meaning and enrich my understanding.
Poetry is probably the most sophisticated of all literary genres. Your Filipino ancestors, through oral tradition, shared epics, proverbs, riddles, and folksongs in poetic form- with a specific formal scheme in which they strictly followed.
Writer and literary critic Gemino Abad has written that the journey to creating a local poetic identity has been continually transformed by the different colonizers who have stayed in the country and the continued fascination with languages- be it English, Filipino, Visayan, Bikolano, and so much more.
Yet, poetry is still the chosen genre of many local writers, for it offers a uniqueness that other genres may not achieve: the opportunity to see the world anew, with every single written word. Beyond Walls 2.
The nongovernment organization NGO where you are working as a volunteer is organizing its annual poetry event, which is the Tulaan sa Paaralan. The goal of this project is to invite students to write poetry by setting up a writeable space on the wall of your school. As initial content of the wall, all volunteers are required to submit an entry.
You may follow any structure that you know in writing your poems, but the poems should communicate the message of empowerment, experiences, and rights of children.
In the early s, country's history and changing Filipino poetry celebrated lifestyles, values, and situations. Poems also on, poetry became more communicate the people's hopes for formalist—the emphasis of the future. Then, modern poetry sprouted, and nowadays, writers are more adventurous in their craft. Here are some elements of poetry that local writers use in their poems. Senses and images are used by the writer to describe their impressions of their topic or object of writing.
The kinds of sense impressions in poetry are categorized in mainly the following: visual imagery what the writer wants you to see ; olfactory imagery what the writer wants you to smell ; gustatory imagery what the writer wants you to taste ; tactile imagery what the writer wants you to feel ; and auditory imagery what the writer wants you to smell.
Diction is another important element in Filipino poetry. In fact, Filipino writers are very careful of the way they write and the words they use to form their poems.
Diction is the denotative and connotative meaning of the words in a sentence, phrase, paragraph, or poem. Rhyme scheme is the way the author arranges words, meters, lines, and stanzas to create a coherent sound when the poem is read out loud. It may be formal or informal, depending on the way the poem was written by the poet. Carlos Angeles was born on 25 May in Tacloban, Leyte.
He finished his undergraduate degree in the University of the Philippines. His work has been included in poetry anthologies in the United States. He is an active member of many Filipino-American press clubs in the US, where he has lived most of his life when he was alive. Then find more information about llocos and its beaches, and try to guess which beach Carlos Angeles is talking about by pertaining to the poem's imagery.
Compare and contrast the beach you have envisioned and drawn versus the beach Carlos Angeles has written about. How are they similar and different?
Share your output with the rest of the class. The poem is about a coastline in Ilocos that has been weathered away by the battering of the restless sea. The line, "It is the sea pursues a habit of shores," has many possible interpretations. Can you discuss with your partner a possible interpretation that you have for that last line? Now, can you guess the rhyming scheme of the poem? The poem has four quatrains, with the last one offset by only one line that concludes the poem quite well.
Which lines rhyme with each other? How does this rhyming scheme add to the beauty of the poem? Another element of poetry used frequently is the idea of a speaker. The speaker in the poem is the voice that talks to the reader. Sometimes, it refers to itself as "I" or "me" or, sometimes, in the third person she, he, his, her. You should also note that the speaker is not necessarily the poet. The poet may have a different persona in mind while writing the poem and may have not taken the situations in the poem from his or her life experiences.
The structure of the poem is the arrangement of words and lines, either together or apart. It also refers to the way the interdependent parts of it are organized to form a whole poem. Word order is either the natural or the unnatural arrangement of words in a poem. A poet may use a word grammatically or not—often called as poetic license—and may invent words too. Sometimes, as is common in Filipino writers who write in English, Filipino poets use local words to add more locality to a given poem.
If the Filipino word also does not have a direct English translation, then the poet may use the Filipino word and italicize it for emphasis. Filipino poetry, although greatly influenced by the previous colonizers of the country, stands on its own when it comes to its unique elements.
There is a certain voice that Filipino poetry offers—one which a fellow Filipino like you can relate to, especially when you apply these in real life situations. This up to create one whole. In concept means that all parts must be literature, all the parts and accounted for and discoverable.
In aspects of a literary selection poetry, this can be done through close must contribute to one whole reading. To understand the organic unity of a poem, you must use the process of close reading. Close reading is a way for you to analyze the poem by carefully reading and rereading a text until you have found its interpretation.
When you close read Filipino poetry, what must you look out for? You may also look at its interdependent elements, as was discussed previously, so that you may find visual clues to its meaning through its rhyming scheme, overall structure, word order, and the like.
You may also try to identify who the persona is and who the persona is dedicating the poem to. Again, the persona does not necessarily have to be the author—it can be any face in local society, someone who fits the descriptions in the poem quite well.
Reflect Upon Are there different ways that one may communicate with his or her God? How can your relationship with God be reflected in your daily life? The poem "Is It the Kingfisher? You should read and reread poems such as Evasco's to understand the depth of its meaning. The questions asked in the Reflect Upon section are guide questions to help you closely read the poem.
This time, try reading the poem out loud with proper pronunciation and enunciation in front of the class. If you have formed your own interpretation of the poem, try reading it in line with your interpretation by putting emphasis and feelings on the words and lines which you think are important to its central message.
Furthermore, he is credited to be a proponent of experimentation and invention in poetry. Recite this poem out Big Idea loud with feelings, emotions, proper pronunciation, and We are created as different enunciation. Do you think people, but we should always respect your interpretation of the each other's differences.
Do not throw poem changed when you hate at people for being different. Can you name some characteristics that make a poem special and find their symbolism in the poem?
Then answer the following questions: 1. What is implicit bias? How does this lead to prejudice and discrimination? Based on what you have watched, how can prejudice and discrimination be avoided? Ask the same questions you posed when you read the previous poem. Who is the persona of the poem, and what is he or she professing about poetry? What is the main figure of speech used in the poem, and how is it used to effectively show the poem's meaning?
Is there anything innovative about the way the poem is written? How did you feel when you read it out loud? Did the poem change its meaning and impact once you read it out loud as opposed to just reading it? What do you think was the effect of the style in the overall appeal of the poem? What is organic unity? How is it important in understanding the meaning of a poem? Track: Academic As a writer for a popular regional magazine, part of your job is to translate popular poems into your regional language.
Your editor has given you two poems to translate into your regional language and has asked you to choose one. Extend Your Knowledge There are many online poetry journals by Filipinos that have become a good avenue for both young and established poets to reach their readers. These journals are free and also feature essays and comics. Choose an issue and have fun reading it! Essential Learning Filipino poetry is unique in its own composition. Despite having been colonized for hundreds of years by different countries, the Philippines has set itself apart with its own unique brand of poetry that may tackle themes ranging from love to isolation, racial prejudice, one's close relationship with God, natural disasters, and so much more.
There are ways to interpret poetry such as discussing different elements that are present. These elements include word choice, form, and imagery. You may also look at its organic unity to see how a poem's interdependent parts work together to create a beautiful piece of art. The best way to understand a poem, however, is to read it out loud with proper pronunciation, enunciation, and feelings.
Poems are always meant to be read out loud, even in these modern times. More importantly, this sampling of Filipino poetry has made you realize that on a global scale, Filipino writers can stand on their own. Module The Landscape of Philippine 3 Fiction. Appreciate the contributions of the canonical Filipino writers to the development of national literature.
Infer literary meaning from literal language based on usage. Produce a creative representation of a literary text by applying multimedia skills. If there is one thing Filipinos love, it is a good dramatic story. Filipinos can easily find themselves in one of the characters whom they watch on TV: the optimistic little girl who is tormented by evil relatives; the poor rich girl who has everything but can never be as optimistic as the poor protagonist; and even the antagonist who has a vendetta against everyone but gets the wittiest lines in the TV show.
Aside from this, Filipinos also relate the situations in the story to certain parts of their lives, such as the longing for a lost parent or child, the death of a relative, or a dramatic love story that is against the world. One of the most popular telenovelas in Philippine television is Mara Clara. Did you watch this telenovela? Did you like the story? No matter how much Filipinos see themselves and their situations in popular TV shows, the fact remains that these are all products of fiction.
A fiction is a story that is entirely made up and is not true. At times, fiction may resemble reality, but it is purely circumstantial. In Philippine literature, there are many stories that have shaped the way Filipinos read and view their surroundings. These novels are a long and sustained critical story about the Spanish rule. Another good example is through short stories such as the ones in this module.
These selected short stories have had an extensive influence on Philippine literature and society. So, what are the common techniques used by these short stories? What follows in this module are some of the best short stories written in Philippine literature, a brief background about their authors, and more information about the world of fiction.
Techniques of Fiction Fiction, just like any Big Idea good story, starts with a great character. This be real, speculative, and imaginative character and the way he or into a cohesive story that connects she changes as the story with readers.
Fiction is essential progresses become the because it may enhance your driving force if fiction—the creativity and imagination, which can reason that you as a reader influence other aspects of your life as will be interested or well.
The character may be kind, rich, confusing, annoying, bratty, complicated, ever-changing, and so on. In the end, the character of a short story still holds the key to whether the fiction will be good or not. Sometimes, characters also serve as symbols of a story.
What is symbolism in fiction? A short story may use a character, object, or event to signify something else from its original meaning. A character may symbolize a community or an event in history. Two characters interacting in a story may symbolize the conflict or union between two different societies. There are times when you may not be sure what the symbolisms in a given story are. As the reader, you need to examine these symbols and come up with your own interpretations.
THROUGH the open window the air-steeped outdoors passed into his room, quietly enveloping him, stealing into his very thought. The tranquil murmur of conversation issued from the brick-tiled azotea where Don Julian and Carmen were busy puttering away among the rose pots.
Alfredo is not very specific, but I understand Esperanza wants it to be next month. He is over thirty, is he not? And still a bachelor! Esperanza must be tired waiting. With whom? That was less than four years ago. He could not understand those months of a great hunger that was not of the body nor yet of the mind, a craving that had seized on him one quiet night when the moon was abroad and under the dappled shadow of the trees in the plaza, man wooed maid. Was he being cheated by life?
Love-he seemed to have missed it. Or was the love that others told about a mere fabrication of perfervid imagination, an exaggeration of the commonplace, a glorification of insipid monotonies such as made up his love life?
Was love a combination of circumstances, or sheer native capacity of soul? In those days love was, for him, still the eternal puzzle; for love, as he knew it, was a stranger to love as he divined it might be.
Sitting quietly in his room now, he could almost revive the restlessness of those days, the feeling of tumultuous haste, such as he knew so well in his boyhood when something beautiful was going on somewhere and he was trying to get there in time to see.
So he had avidly seized on the shadow of Love and deluded himself for a long while in the way of humanity from time immemorial. In the meantime, he became very much engaged to Esperanza. Why would men so mismanage their lives? Greed, he thought, was what ruined so many. Greed-the desire to crowd into a moment all the enjoyment it will hold, to squeeze from the hour all the emotion it will yield. Men commit themselves when but half-meaning to do so, sacrificing possible future fullness of ecstasy to the craving for immediate excitement.
Greed-mortgaging the future-forcing the hand of Time, or of Fate. I think they are oftener cool than warm. The very fact that an engagement has been allowed to prolong itself argues a certain placidity of temperament—or of affection—on the part of either, or both.
He was talking now with an evident relish in words, his resonant, very nasal voice toned down to monologue pitch. Few certainly would credit Alfredo Salazar with hot blood. Even his friends had amusedly diagnosed his blood as cool and thin, citing incontrovertible evidence.
Tall and slender, he moved with an indolent ease that verged on grace. He rose and quietly went out of the house. He lingered a moment on the stone steps; then went down the path shaded by immature acacias, through the little tarred gate which he left swinging back and forth, now opening, now closing, on the gravel road bordered along the farther side by madre cacao hedge in tardy lavender bloom. The gravel road narrowed as it slanted up to the house on the hill, whose wide, open porches he could glimpse through the heat-shrivelled tamarinds in the Martinez yard.
Six weeks ago that house meant nothing to him save that it was the Martinez house, rented and occupied by Judge del Valle and his family. This particular evening however, he had allowed himself to be persuaded. A young woman had met them at the door. He was puzzled that she should smile with evident delight every time he addressed her thus. A very dignified rather austere name, he thought. Still, the young lady should have corrected him. As it was, he was greatly embarrassed, and felt that he should explain.
Each time I was about to correct you, but I remembered a similar experience I had once before. What did you do, or what will you do if you ever get caught up in the same situation? Don Julian and his uncommunicative friend, the Judge, were absorbed in a game of chess.
The young man had tired of playing appreciative spectator and desultory conversationalist, so he and Julia Salas had gone off to chat in the vine-covered porch. He listened, and wondered irrelevantly if Miss Salas could sing; she had such a charming speaking voice. She was small and plump, with wide brown eyes, clearly defined eyebrows, and delicately modeled hips-a pretty woman with the complexion of a baby and the expression of a likable cow.
Julia was taller, not so obviously pretty. She had the same eyebrows and lips, but she was much darker, of a smooth rich brown with underlying tones of crimson which heightened the impression she gave of abounding vitality. On Sunday mornings after mass, father and son would go crunching up the gravel road to the house on the hill.
After a half hour or so, the chessboard would be brought out; then Alfredo and Julia Salas would go out to the porch to chat. She sat in the low hammock and he in a rocking chair and the hours-warm, quiet March hours-sped by. He enjoyed talking with her and it was evident that she liked his company; yet what feeling there was between them was so undisturbed that it seemed a matter of course.
Only when Esperanza chanced to ask him indirectly about those visits did some uneasiness creep into his thoughts of the girl next door. Esperanza had wanted to know if he went straight home after mass. Alfredo suddenly realized that for several Sundays now he had not waited for Esperanza to come out of the church as he had been wont to do. Esperanza was not prone to indulge in unprovoked jealousies. She was a believer in the regenerative virtue of institutions, in their power to regulate feeling as well as conduct.
If a man were married, why, of course, he loved his wife; if he were engaged, he could not possibly love another woman. That half-lie told him what he had not admitted openly to himself, that he was giving Julia Salas something which he was not free to give. He realized that; yet something that would not be denied beckoned imperiously, and he followed on.
It was so easy to forget up there, away from the prying eyes of the world, so easy and so poignantly sweet. The beloved woman, he standing close to her, the shadows around, enfolding. In the darkness the fireflies glimmered, while an errant breeze strayed in from somewhere, bringing elusive, faraway sounds as of voices in a dream.
Just before Holy Week, Don Julian invited the judge and his family to spend Sunday afternoon at Tanda where he had a coconut plantation and a house on the beach. Carmen also came with her four energetic children. After the merienda, Don Julian sauntered off with the judge to show him what a thriving young coconut looked like—"plenty of leaves, close set, rich green"—while the children, convoyed by Julia Salas, found unending entertainment in the rippling sand left by the ebbing tide.
They were far down, walking at the edge of the water, indistinctly outlined against the gray of the out-curving beach. Alfredo left his perch on the bamboo ladder of the house and followed.
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